I got some help on the Types plugin forums on the file size. Here’s what I got:
<?php
global $wpdb;
$fileurl = types_render_field('pod-audio', array('raw'=>'true'));
$attachment_id = $wpdb->get_var($wpdb->prepare("SELECT ID FROM {$wpdb->posts}
WHERE post_type = 'attachment' AND guid=%s", $fileurl ));
$filesize = filesize( get_attached_file( $attachment_id ) );
?>
<enclosure url="<?php echo $fileurl; ?>" length="<?php echo $filesize; ?>" type="audio/mpeg" />
<guid><?php echo $fileurl; ?></guid>
I still need a way to get duration. You’d think with files uploaded through WP’s uploader that WP would pull as much metadata in as possible, and duration seems like a key piece.